Brokerage accounts

What is a brokerage account?

A brokerage account is an investment account that you deposit money into and invest in whatever securities you choose, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). There are no limits on how much you can deposit or how much you can withdraw.

Unlike a Roth IRA, which has the advantage of tax-free withdrawals in retirement, you'll owe capital gains taxes on the gains in a brokerage account. (That's why brokerage accounts are sometimes referred to as taxable accounts.)

If you hold an investment for one year or less, any profits will be taxed as short-term capital gains, meaning you'll pay ordinary income tax rates. But capital gains tax rates are much more favorable when you hold an investment for more than a year, at which point it's considered a long-term capital gain. Long-term capital gains rates are 0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on your income; most people fall into the 15% bracket.

Advantages of a brokerage account

• You can contribute an unlimited amount. Retirement accounts limit the amount you can contribute each year, but there are no limits on how much you can contribute to a brokerage account. If you're already maxing out your 401(k) and Roth IRA contributions, a taxable brokerage account is an option for investing additional money.
• There are no early withdrawal penalties. Retirement accounts often hit you with a 10% early withdrawal penalty if you take money out before age 59 1/2, but with a brokerage account, you can withdraw funds whenever you want. For that reason, a brokerage account is often a good choice for investing money you might want before retirement.
• You can take advantage of favorable long-term capital gains tax rates. Although you're not getting a tax break on your contributions or withdrawals from a brokerage account, if you hold your investments for over a year, you can take advantage of long-term capital gains rates on your earnings, which are lower than income tax rates.

Disadvantages of a brokerage account

• No tax breaks for contributions or withdrawals. The biggest drawback of a brokerage account vs. a 401(k) or Roth IRA and other retirement accounts is that you don't get a tax break. You fund the account with after-tax money, then pay taxes on your gains when you withdraw it.
• Dividends are usually taxable. Unless you're in one of the three lowest federal income tax brackets, dividends are usually taxable in a brokerage account. When you earn dividends in a tax-advantaged account like a 401(k) or Roth IRA, you don't owe dividend taxes.
• May encourage more frequent trading. Because you can withdraw your money whenever you want without penalty, you may be tempted to trade more frequently. A buy-and-hold investment strategy usually produces the best returns in the long run.

Roth IRAs

What is a Roth IRA?

A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account that you fund with after-tax money. The "individual" means that you open it on your own, unlike a 401(k) or 401(a), which you open through an employer.

Although you don't get an upfront tax deduction when you fund your Roth IRA, the tax breaks are generous in retirement. Once you're 59 1/2 and you've had the account for a five-year minimum, your withdrawals are tax-free.

Advantages of a Roth IRA

Some of the many Roth IRA benefits for investors include:

• You get unlimited tax-free withdrawals in retirement. Taxes are a big concern in retirement planning. But because you've paid money on Roth contributions, you don't have to pay taxes on the earnings in retirement. If you let your money grow for several decades, that could add up to serious tax-free retirement income.
• Flexible investment choices. The account isn't tied to any employer, so you can open it through whatever IRA brokerage you want. As with a brokerage account, you can invest your Roth IRA money in virtually any securities you choose.
• Ability to access contributions at any time. Ideally, you'll let your Roth IRA money grow for as long as possible. However, being able to access your contributions at any time without paying taxes or penalties offers an extra layer of financial security in case of a crisis.

Disadvantages of a Roth IRA

• You don't get a tax break on your contributions. Contributing to a traditional IRA or 401(k) will usually decrease your taxable income. But there's no tax break for Roth IRA contributions since Roth accounts are always funded with after-tax money. The tradeoff -- that you get tax-free withdrawals -- is worth it for many retirement savers, though.
• You can only contribute to a Roth IRA if you earn less than the Roth IRA income limits. It may be possible, however, to skirt these income limits using a backdoor Roth IRA strategy.
• You can't contribute more than the Roth IRA limits for the year. In 2023, the maximum Roth IRA contribution is $6,500 if you're younger than 50 or $7,500 if you're 50 or older. You can only contribute the amount of earned income you have in a given tax year. So, if you only earn $5,000 in 2023, your contribution limit is $5,000.

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How to choose

Choosing between a brokerage account and a Roth IRA

• Before you fund a Roth IRA or a taxable brokerage account, contribute enough to take advantage of your employer's 401(k) match.
• Then, max out your Roth IRA.
• If you have additional money to invest, open a taxable brokerage account (if you want a broad range of investment options and the flexibility to withdraw money at any time) or make unmatched 401(k) contributions (if you want tax-advantaged investing and are fine with a more limited range of investments).