Our hands-off Roth IRA accounts are robo-advisors. These are platforms will help you assess your risk tolerance and determine your investment time horizon, and then it manages your portfolio over time to maximize return potential. Depending on your investment goals and individual preferences, either could be a great choice.
On Robinhood's Secure Website.
On Robinhood's Secure Website.
On SoFi Active Investing's Secure Website.
On Fidelity's Secure Website.
On E*TRADE's Secure Website.
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A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account (IRA) that lets you contribute after-tax dollars and enjoy the power of compound interest tax-free. That means you don't have to pay taxes on earnings in a Roth IRA, so long as you take distributions after you hit 59 1/2 years old.
Roth IRA accounts have annual contribution limits set by the IRS, which are usually lower than 401(k)s. You can invest in a number of securities within a Roth IRA, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
There are some exceptions to the withdrawal restrictions. For example, you can withdraw as much as $10,000 from your IRA to use toward a first-time home purchase. You can take out any amount to pay for college expenses. And with Roth IRA accounts, you can withdraw your original contributions (but not your investment profits) at any time and for any reason.Learn more: Roth IRA benefits
A Roth IRA works like this: You contribute post-tax dollars (money you've already paid taxes on), then invest that money in whatever securities fit your investing strategy, like stocks or mutual funds. At any time, you can sell those securities for a profit and you don't have to pay capital gains taxes, so long as it's held within your Roth IRA. Better yet, when you turn 59 ½, you can withdraw your earnings tax-free, since you already paid taxes on your contributions.
Roth IRAs let you withdraw your contributions freely without penalty, but your earnings might be subject to taxes or penalties if you withdraw before you pass the 59 ½ mark or before the account has been open at least five years. Unlike traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, you don't have to take minimum required distributions, meaning there's no age after which you have to start withdrawing from your Roth IRA.Contributing up to the annual limit will certainly give your Roth IRA a good foot forward, but your selection of investments is the real engine driving your account's long-term growth. Since your account isn't bogged down by capital gains taxes, you can take full advantage of growing your money by compound interest using a combination of stocks, ETFs, mutual funds, bonds, and other securities.
For instance, let's say you contribute $6,000 annually into your Roth IRA for 25 years and choose to invest in an S&P 500 index fund. If we assume a modest 7% annualized rate of return for this fund, your account would grow to $438,623 at the end of 25 years, with $150,000 in contributions and $282,623 from interest you've earned.For tax year 2023, contributions to your IRA accounts cannot exceed:
This limit is per person, not per account. If you have two IRA accounts -- say, a traditional IRA and Roth IRA -- your total contributions cannot exceed the annual limit.
Tax Filing Status | Modified AGI | Modified AGI | Modified AGI |
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Single or Head of Household | Less than $138,000 (full contribution allowed) | $138,000-$153,000 (reduced contribution allowed) | $153,000 or more (not eligible) |
Married Filing Jointly | Less than $218,000 (full contribution allowed) | $218,000-$228,000 (reduced contribution allowed) | $228,000 or more (not eligible) |
Married Filing Separately | Less than $10,000 (reduced contribution allowed) | $10,000 or more (not eligible) | -- |
If your income is too high, you might be able to contribute through the backdoor Roth IRA contribution method. With this method, you contribute to a traditional IRA and immediately convert the account to a Roth. Unlike a direct Roth IRA contribution, there are no income restrictions if you do this.
RELATED: Many people have their contributions automatically deducted from their bank. See The Ascent's roundup of the best checking accounts.
The biggest advantage of Roth IRA accounts is that typically, younger workers have lower tax rates at the early stage of their careers. As such, they prepay taxes at a lower rate (compared with tax rates at later stages of their careers -- even if no tax rule changes), and any capital gains accumulated in the account are tax free upon withdrawal. Younger workers also have a longer investment horizon, so starting investing early really helps. Joyce Beebe, Ph.D. Fellow in Public Finance at Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy
Don't miss that: With a traditional IRA, you receive your tax benefit now in the form of reduced taxable income. In exchange for that reduction, you pay taxes on traditional IRA distributions in retirement. A Roth IRA, however, is funded with after-tax dollars and doesn't reduce your taxable income. However, with a Roth IRA, you receive your tax benefit later in the form of tax-free distributions.
To decide which IRA is right for you, you have to figure out which will save you the most on your lifetime taxes.Typically, traditional IRAs are ideal for high-income earners who anticipate having a lower tax rate in retirement. You can reduce your taxable income today (potentially saving on this year's taxes) and withdraw at a time when you're not earning as much income and can fall into a lower tax bracket. For example, if your tax rate is 39% today but you expect a 22% rate in retirement, then it would be wise to defer paying taxes until you fall into that lower tax bracket.Conversely, Roth IRAs usually make sense for those who are in lower tax brackets today, but anticipate being in a higher tax bracket in retirement. If your tax rate is lower today then you'll save more by paying taxes at your current rate rather than waiting until retirement. For instance, if your tax rate is 12% today, but you anticipate a rate of at least 22% in retirement, it would be wise to pay taxes today and withdraw tax-free later.Aside from the tax structure, these account types have several similarities. Both have the same annual contribution limit. Investments within the accounts are tax-deferred for as long as the money stays in the account. There are some other key advantages to a Roth IRA, such as the ability to withdraw contributions at any time and the lack of RMDs. However, the main difference is the tax structure.Pros | Cons |
---|---|
Investments in a Roth IRA grow tax-free. | You can reduce your taxable income. |
Qualified withdrawals are completely tax-free. | The IRA contribution limit is relatively low when compared with 401(k)s, 403(b)s, and most other types of employer-sponsored retirement plans. |
You can withdraw your Roth IRA contributions at any time and for any reason, without penalty. | Higher-income savers may not qualify to make Roth IRA contributions. |
There are no required minimum distributions (RMDs) with Roth IRAs. | No employer matching contributions |
You can contribute to a Roth IRA for as long as you have earned income, regardless of your age. | More flexibility might tempt you to withdraw for reasons other than retirement |
In a Roth IRA, you can invest your money in virtually any stocks, bonds, mutual funds, or ETFs you want. | The five year rule might make these accounts less ideal for those nearing a retirement age. |
So why open a Roth IRA? A Roth IRA account can be a great way to set aside money for retirement, but as we've discussed here, it isn't the only option you have. When planning for retirement, there's no such thing as a perfect retirement account for everyone. A Roth IRA is no exception. But with our guidance and a little research, you can find the best place to open a Roth IRA with ease.
Joyce Beebe, Ph.D.
Fellow in Public Finance at Rice University's Baker Institute for Public PolicyWhat misconceptions might millennials or Gen Z have about Roth IRAs and planning for retirement?
Many millennials or Gen Z think they cannot contribute to Roth IRA (or IRA) until they start a formal job -- for instance, after graduating from college or graduate school. This is not the case; as long as an individual has earned income, he/she can contribute to an IRA up to the $6,500 annual contribution limit (for 2023) or 100% of his/her earned income, whichever is less.. For single taxpayers, if his/her income exceeds $138,000, the contribution starts to phase out. When his/her income reaches $153,000, the taxpayer is not allowed to make any Roth contributions. As younger workers advance their careers, they are likely to be capped out. They are also more likely to be subject to the income limit if they live in high cost of living cities. In addition, as younger workers get married, their Roth contribution is subject to the "marriage penalty" -- the income limit for married filing jointly is $218,000 (fully phased out at $228,000), which are not doubles of the single amounts ($138,000 and $153,000).Another misconception is that self-employed (SE) workers cannot contribute to Roth, but your website has another article that covered this recently. As such, I did not talk about the income from SE workers. A point to note is IRS's definition about "self-employed" is a lot wider than many in younger generations realize. In many cases, their side business income can qualify as SE income, hence is allowed for Roth IRA contributions.
How can I determine if a Roth IRA makes sense for me?
Assuming investors have enough funds to save for retirement, they should consider all options available to them -- most likely Roth IRA and employer plans such as 401(k) accounts. However, be mindful that from a tax perspective, they are different. They are also very different from account administration and plan design perspectives. For tax, Roth IRAs are "after tax" in that taxpayers do not receive deductions for the contributions made. 401(k) contributions are "pre-tax" in that the contributions are tax-deductible. In addition, many employer plans provide matching for 401(k) contributions, and a recent , if it passes, will allow employer plans to match participants' student loan payments, similar to those of retirement plans.Many researchers think that, given the current level of the U.S. deficit, it is highly likely that future tax rates will increase to finance government expenditures and debt payments. If one believes this to be the case, prepaying taxes under Roth IRA will be an attractive option.One more note is that although many have touted that there are no penalties or taxes to withdraw one's Roth contributions as a benefit, there may be tax consequences for withdrawing the earnings/capital gains before the retirement age. The IRS provides several exceptions; however, it is still not ideal to view Roth IRA as an emergency savings account.What is the biggest advantage to using a Roth IRA?
The biggest advantage of Roth IRAs is that typically, younger workers have lower tax rates at the early stage of their careers. As such, they prepay taxes at a lower rate (compared with tax rates at later stages of their careers -- even if no tax rule changes), and any capital gains accumulated in the account are tax free upon withdrawal. Younger workers also have a longer investment horizon, so starting investing early really helps.Not everyone’s Roth can be subject to astonishing returns like 's, and Congress is considering to the Roth IRA. However, these cases should not prevent younger workers from starting contributions to a Roth IRA early on.John Banko
Wells Fargo Faculty Fellow, Senior LecturerWhat are some pros and cons of creating an IRA?
IRAs have one main advantage -- gains are not taxed for a long time. For me, the distinction between the Roth IRA and traditional IRA is just details and perhaps something to talk about with a tax pro. But whether you picked correctly (minimized taxes) will be answered when you retire. IRAs have one main disadvantage: the funds are somewhat locked up until you retire. If a situation arises where you need the funds before the IRS-defined age of retirement, there are penalties, extra forms, notes from your mom -- unneeded hassle to get the money. Hassle that is not the case in a non-IRA investment account.How actively do investors need to manage their IRA in order to get the most gain?
If you start trading, even occasionally, then taxes come into play. The IRA will defer the taxes. The non-IRA account will be subject to taxes on gains if shares are sold.Who should open an IRA?
If you believe you should save for retirement, and you want to take advantage of the U.S. system for doing that, the IRA will likely promote a long-term savings plan, offer reasonable returns given the risk, have a tax advantage, and your employer will likely help facilitate all this. But it needs to be part of a well-designed retirement plan, and is likely only one element of that plan. An IRA is no guarantee of a solid retirement, and it certainly has risks. Step one is developing a plan with concrete goals. With that, an IRA is likely in the mix.Jason Reed
Associate Teaching Professor of FinanceWhat are some pros and cons of creating an IRA?
Investors looking to maximize their contributions toward retirement should really think about opening an IRA alongside any employer-sponsored retirement program. There are limited downsides and the upside of saving for retirement with an IRA can be life-changing. When making the decision to open and invest in an IRA, deciding between a traditional or Roth IRA can offer different pros and cons.For either type of IRA, however, you will have access to traditional financial assets like stocks, bonds, ETFs, mutual funds, and money markets. Investors can choose their level of participation in growth, but for almost everyone, a consistent contribution to an ETF with broad market exposure coupled with a hands-off approach is best. Set it and forget it. That's your biggest risk-adjusted bang for your buck.The biggest difference between a traditional and Roth IRA is how your contributions are taxed. For some, a Roth IRA's after-tax contributions are considered a benefit, especially if you expect to retire in a higher income tax bracket. You really can let your investment grow tax-free. On the other hand, since a traditional IRA offers income tax deductions, it might be just the nudge you need to begin investing in an IRA.One potential downside to investing in a Roth IRA is that for high-income earners, you might not actually be eligible to make contributions. This would obviously limit the effectiveness of this investment vehicle. Similarly, for high-income earners, your traditional IRA contributions may not be fully tax deductible.Additionally, both IRA options do have a contribution cap. Depending on your age, you'll be able to contribute up to either $6,500 or $7,500 per year. Moreover, traditional IRA investors are required to begin mandatory divestments starting at age 70 ½ or 72 (depending on your birthday). This isn't the case, however, with Roth IRAs. Again, you can let your investment grow well into retirement.Another potential con to a traditional IRA is that early withdrawals are penalized 10% on top of taxes owed (some exceptions are allowed). On the other hand, since Roth IRAs are after-tax investment vehicles, you are allowed to withdraw your contributions penalty- and tax-free.We're firm believers in the Golden Rule, which is why editorial opinions are ours alone and have not been previously reviewed, approved, or endorsed by included advertisers. The Ascent does not cover all offers on the market. Editorial content from The Ascent is separate from The Motley Fool editorial content and is created by a different analyst team.
Betterment disclaimers
†Betterment Cash Reserve ("Cash Reserve") is offered by Betterment LLC. Clients of Betterment LLC participate in Cash Reserve through their brokerage account held at Betterment Securities. Neither Betterment LLC nor any of its affiliates is a bank. Through Cash Reserve, clients' funds are deposited into one or more banks () where the funds earn a variable interest rate and are eligible for FDIC insurance. Cash Reserve provides Betterment clients with the opportunity to earn interest on cash intended to purchase securities through Betterment LLC and Betterment Securities. Cash Reserve should not be viewed as a long-term investment option.Funds held in your brokerage accounts are not FDIC‐insured but are protected by SIPC. Funds in transit to or from Program Banks are generally not FDIC‐insured but are protected by SIPC, except when those funds are held in a sweep account following a deposit or prior to a withdrawal, at which time funds are eligible for FDIC insurance but are not protected by SIPC. Funds deposited into Cash Reserve are eligible for up to $1,000,000.00 (or $2,000,000.00 for joint accounts) of FDIC insurance once the funds reach one or more Program Banks (up to $250,000 for each insurable capacity—e.g., individual or joint—at up to four Program Banks). Even if there are more than four Program Banks, clients will not necessarily have deposits allocated in a manner that will provide FDIC insurance above $1,000,000.00 (or $2,000,000.00 for joint accounts). The FDIC calculates the insurance limits based on all accounts held in the same insurable capacity at a bank, not just cash in Cash Reserve. If clients elect to exclude one or more Program Banks from receiving deposits the amount of FDIC insurance available through Cash Reserve may be lower. Clients are responsible for monitoring their total assets at each Program Bank, including existing deposits held at Program Banks outside of Cash Reserve, to ensure FDIC insurance limits are not exceeded, which could result in some funds being uninsured. For more information on FDIC insurance please visit Deposits held in Program Banks are not protected by SIPC. For more information see the and **The annual percentage yield ("APY") on the deposit balances in Betterment Cash Reserve ("Cash Reserve") is 4.00% and represents the weighted average of the APY on deposit balances at the banks participating in Cash Reserve (the "Program Banks") and is current as of Feb. 6, 2023. This APY is variable and subject to change daily. Deposit balances are not allocated equally among the participating Program Banks. A minimum deposit of $10 is required, but there is no minimum balance required to be maintained. The APY available to a customer may be lower if that customer designates a bank or banks as ineligible to receive deposits. APY applies only to Cash Reserve and does not apply to checking accounts held through Betterment Checking. Cash Reserve and Betterment Checking are separate offerings and are not linked accounts.For Cash Reserve (“CR”), Betterment LLC only receives compensation from our program banks; Betterment LLC and Betterment Securities do not charge fees on your CR balance.Robinhood disclosure
All investments involve risk and loss of principal is possible. Securities are offered through Robinhood Financial LLC, member /. Cryptocurrency services are offered through an account with Robinhood Crypto, LLC (NMLS ID 1702840). Robinhood Crypto is licensed to engage in virtual currency business activity by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Cryptocurrency held through Robinhood Crypto is not FDIC insured or SIPC protected. For more information see the .Trades of stocks, ETFs and options are commission-free at Robinhood Financial LLC. Other fees may apply. Please see Robinhood Financial’s to learn more.Fractional shares are illiquid outside of Robinhood and are not transferable. Not all securities available through Robinhood are eligible for fractional share orders. For a complete explanation of conditions, restrictions and limitations associated with fractional shares, see the Fractional Shares section of our . Robinhood Gold is an account offering premium services available for a $5 monthly fee. Not all investors will be eligible to trade on Margin. Margin investing involves the risk of greater investment losses. Additional interest charges may apply depending on the amount of margin used. Bigger Instant Deposits are only available if your Instant Deposits status is in good standing.Vanguard disclosures
Visit vanguard.com to obtain a prospectus or, if available, a summary prospectus, for Vanguard and non-Vanguard funds offered through Vanguard Brokerage Services. The prospectus contains investment objectives, risks, charges, expenses, and other information; read and consider carefully before investing.
Options are a leveraged investment and are not suitable for every investor. Options involve risk, including the possibility that you could lose more money than you invest. Before buying or selling options, you must receive a copy of Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options issued by OCC. A copy of this booklet is available at theocc.com. It may also be obtained from your broker, any exchange on which options are traded, or by contacting OCC at 125 S. Franklin Street, Suite 1200, Chicago, IL 60606 (888-678-4667 or 888-OPTIONS). The booklet contains information on options issued by OCC. It is intended for educational purposes. No statement in the booklet should be construed as a recommendation to buy or sell a security or to provide investment advice. For further assistance, please call The Options Industry Council (OIC) helpline at 888-OPTIONS or visit optionseducation.org for more information. The OIC can provide you with balanced options education and tools to assist you with your options questions and trading.Commission-free trading of Vanguard ETFs applies to trades placed both online and by phone. All ETFs are subject to management fees and expenses; refer to each ETF's prospectus for more information. Account service fees may also apply. All ETF sales are subject to a securities transaction fee. See the HYPERLINK "//investor.vanguard.com/investing/transaction-fees-commissions/etfs" Vanguard Brokerage Services commission and fee schedules for full details.Vanguard funds not held in a brokerage account are held by The Vanguard Group, Inc., and are not protected by SIPC. Brokerage assets are held by Vanguard Brokerage Services, a division of Vanguard Marketing Corporation, member FINRA and SIPC.Vanguard Marketing Corporation, Distributor of the Vanguard Funds